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Contents Intrinsic Theorems: local, Global, Del-Stars, Del-Del Images, Del-Self Inverse, Sequential Inverse, Star-Image, Sequential-Star, Costar Self-Inverse, Costar-Star, * # Properties, Comparison, Star-Relative Priority, Costar-Relative Priority, Mean, Priority Star Theorem, Star, Infimum-Digit, Supremum-Digit, Inferiority, Superiority, Idempotence, Commutation, Association,

Extrinsic Theorems:  local, Global, Distribution, Absorption-I, Absorption-II, Absorption-III, Star-Cyclic, Costar-Cyclic, Static, Quasi-Static 

See also

TOC, derivationsTAS Systems
Abstract Introduction Priority Unary Prioritors Operations
TAS Theorems Orthogonal Expansion Image-Scaling Degeneracy
Design Derive  AOP Versus Tables Figures Proofs
Computer Bibliography        

5- THEOREMS OF AOP

In the previous section, we presented the TAS systems of AOP.  In this section we will present all theorems that are related to the STAS and ITAS systems only because these two TASes exist in all radices systems.  A few will be presented for some OTAS systems. 

To generate function tables (Truth-Tables) for all the theorems listed below go to the download page and download AOP program which will do the job for you.

Notations and Terminology

Intrinsic theorems are theorems that describe each prioritor as single entity. Such theorems tell us the properties of each prioritor. Extrinsic theorems describe the functional behavior resulted from the interactions between two prioritors. They describe a pair of two prioritor as a single entity.  For example, the commutation property of a prioritor is an intrinsic property but the distribution property of a prioritor is an extrinsic property because not all prioritors are distributable with each other.  

Global Theorems are theorems that hold true for all TAS systems and for all radii. Local Theorems are theorems that do not hold true for all TAS systems and do not  hold true for all radii.  For example, the prioritors of the binary system have properties that do not exist in other systems such as A+A=1.  Thus, such a property is called a local intrinsic property.  On the other hand  Aa aL=aL is a global intrinsic property because it holds true for all prioritors and in all An empirical theorem is a theorem that does not have analytical proof but have an experimental proof (tested for specific radii and for specific TAS systems).

AOP has a large number of theorems, thus the process of naming each theorem is difficult.  Therefore, AOP categorizes theorems into types to simplify the naming process by using an index scheme. So, each theorem in AOP has a formula, name and type. The formula spells out the action of the theorem. The name identifies the theorem and type classifies the theorem. When it is impossible to derive a name for a property we use the type and add an index to it.  For example, we say "absorption-II theorem".  The "absorption' is type and "II or 2" is the index  The basic types used so far by AOP are Static, absorption, and virtual.  

A theorem is said to be a static theorem if one of its sides is constant.  For example, A+A=1 is a static theorem.  A theorem is said to be an absorption theorem if there is at least one variable in one side that does not appear on the other side.  For example, Aa (Aa*B)=A is A theorem is said to be a virtual theorem if the removing of one part on one side does not change the equality of the two sides and with the same variables as in the original expression.  For example, (AaAf) m( A a B) =( AaB) is called a virtual theorem because the removal of the term "(AaAf) m" has no impact on the equation results and the same variables "A" and "B" remain in the equation.

Note: if we remove "a (Aa*B)" form 'Aa (Aa*B)=A' we get A=A but the variables are not the same as the original expression. The original expression has the 'A, B' variable and the has only 'A' variable.  A term that can be removed from an equation and still has no impact on the equation results  is called a 'virtual term'.

Consecutive Operations

    In Boolean and Post algebras use the "S" symbol to stand for their consecutive operations by OR and MAX operators.  For example, X1+X2+X3+X4 is written as    Also, they use the Õ symbol to stand for their consecutive operations by the AND and MIN operators.  For Example, X1*X2*X3*X4 is written as  . There are three parameters associated with each symbol, which are the counting index “i”, the index-starting value “i=1”, and the index end-value “i=4”.  

    Unlike Boolean and Post algebras, the number of binary operations in AOP increases very rapidly in the order of z! as we increase the system radix.  For example, the decimal system has 3.6 million prioritors.  Thus, AOP cannot provide a symbol for each operation.  Instead, AOP uses the `symbol as a global symbol to stand for its consecutive operations.  For example, X1aX2aX3aX4 is written as . There are four parameters associated with the ` symbol, which are  the binary operation to be repeated “a”, the counting index “i”, the index-starting value “i=1”, and the index end-value “i=4”.


ITAS Intrinsic Theorems:

The intrinsic theorems describe all the characteristics that a prioritor may posses. That is they describe the intrinsic properties of prioritors.  They are listed in Table-1 and their proofs is in the appendix.    

Table-1: ITAS Intrinsic Theorems
No Name Formula
1

Del-Stars 

(1) Ñ*=D   (2) D*=Ñ
2 Del-Del Images (1) ÑÑ = Ñ
(2) ÑD = D
(3)  DD= Ñ
(4)  DÑ = D  
(5) Ñ-=Ñ  
(6) D-=D
3 Sequential Inverse (fy)-=y- ¾  f -
4 Star-Image a*=D a
5 Sequential-Star (fy)*=f*y
6 Costar Self-Inverse a#-=a#
7 Costar-Star a a#  =a*
8 * # Properties (1) a#=a*#   (2) a*# ¹ a#*
9 Comparison (1) If A£B Û    AD ³ BD
(2) If A
³B Û    A
D £ BD
10 Star-Relative Priority (1) If Aa- ³ Ba- Û   Aa*- £ Ba*-  
(2) If A
a- £ Ba- Û    Aa*- ³ Ba*-
11 Costar-Relative Priority (1) If Aa-³Ba- Û  Aa#a-£ Ba#a- 
(2) If A
a-£Ba- Û  Aa#a-³ Ba#a-
12 Mean (1) A Ñ  AD ³½(z-1)  
(2) A
D A
D£ ½(z-1)
13 Generalized Mean  (1) (AaAa#)a- ³½(z-1)  
(2) (A
a*A
a#) a-£ ½(z-1)
14 Priority-Star Theorem A a*B={A if A a-£B a-; A if A a-£B a-}
15 Star-Theorem a**=a
16 Infimum-Digit Theorem aV= 0 a
17 Supremum-Digit Theorem aL=(z-1) a
18 Inferiority Theorem aV a A = A
19 Superiority Theorem aL a A = aL
20 Idempotence Theorem AaA=A
21 Commutation Theorem AaB=BaA
22 Association Theorem Aa(BaC)=(AaB) aC

ITAS Local Intrinsic Theorems

Local intrinsic theorems are special theorems that hold true for some radices  and do not hold true for the others. For example, A+A¯=1 is true for the binary system and not true for other systems.

Table-2: Local Intrinsic Theorems
No Type  Formula  System
1  Static  A a A¾  D =a¾ L Binary

STAS Extrinsic Theorems 

Extrinsic theorems are properties that exist between two prioritors.  This section lists all the extrinsic properties of the STAS system.  These properties are global because the STAS system is a global system.  A global TAS system may have local extrinsic properties.  Such properties are not listed in this section.  They are listed under Local extrinsic properties.

The STAS system has the form (a, a*).  Its base is equal to up-del (D) operator, its mate is star a!=a*, and its comate is costar a?=a#.

Table-3 : STAS Extrinsic Theorems
No Name  Formula
1 Distribution Theorem Aa (Ba*C)=(AaB) a*(AaC)
2 Absorption Theorem-I Aa (Aa*B)=A
3 Absorption Theorem-II (AaB)a(Aa*C)= (AaB)
4 Absorption Theorem-III (AaAa#)a(Ba*Ba#)=(AaAa#)
5 Star-Cyclic Theorem (1) aL=a*V   (2) aV=a*L
6 Costar-Cyclic Theorem (1) aL=aV¾ a# (2) aV=aL¾ a#
7 Static Theorem A¾  Da¾  La¾  LB a A = a¾ L
8 Quasi Static Theorem A¾  Da¾  La¾  LCa ( A a* B)=AaB
9 Uniform Image-Scaling (AaB)¯f= A¯f a¯ff 
10 Substitution  Theorem 
11 Inferiority Substitution
12 Superiority Substitution

Table-1 lists the a and a* of the (a, a*) STAS systems in the quaternary, ternary and binary digital systems. The first pair in Table-1  each system corresponds to the (MIN, MAX) in Post algebras which are (MIN,MAX)=(Q1,Q2), (MIN,MAX)=(T1,T6) and (AND,OR)= (B1,B2).

OTAS theorems

This sections lists some of the local extrinsic theorems of OTAS systems in AOP for the first three radices: binary, ternary, and quaternary. Table-4 list the theorem type and formula.

Table-4: Theorems for Some (a,a!) TAS Systems

Type Virtual-I Virtual-II Virtual-III
Equation (AaA¾ a?) a!( A a B) =( AaB) A a( A¾ a?a! B) =( AaB) (AaA¾ [a,s]) m( A a B) =(AaB)
Radix 2,3,4 2,3,4 2,3,4
TASB All All All
TAST 4,5 5 2 +5
TASQ H, I, M, N N 4+H, 6+N, C+M, E+H, K+N 
Emperical Yes Yes Yes

For the binary system, all the virtual theorems are satisfied and reduce to the A+(A¾ *B)=A+B or A*(A¾ +B)=A*B in Boolean algebra. 

For the ternary system, the virtual-I theorem exists in TAST4 and TAST5. Virtual-II theorem  exists in TAST5.  The Virtual-III theorem  exists in TAST2 for s=T5.

For the quaternary system the virtual-I theorem exists in TASTQH, TASTQI, TASTQM, and TASTQN. virtual-II theorem  exists in TASQN.  The virtual-III theorem  exists in TASQ4 for s=QH, TASQ6 for s=QN, TASQC for s=QM, TASQE for s=QH, and TASQK for s=QN.

Post algebra did not show any theorem  in MVL systems that is
equivalent to
A+(A¾ *B)=A+B or A*(A¾ +B)=A*B in Boolean algebra.  So, it is a remarkable achievement by AOP to show that there are theorem in MVL systesm that are equivalent to such theorems.  The key that makes this theorem work in Boolean algebra is the fact that A+A¾=1 and A*A¾=0.  But this fact is not found in none binary systems such as ternary and quaternary systems. Hence, Post algebra could not be used to formulate a similar theorem.

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